Background:
Immunoinformatics employs a computer-driven approach to identifying fragments of the target pathogen that would provide a suitable vaccine, avoiding potential safety concerns from the more traditional approach of using whole pathogens. Immunoinformatics now plays a crucial role in vaccine design, immunodiagnostic development, and antibody production. Previously, vaccine development depended exclusively on immunological experiments which are relatively expensive and time-consuming. However, recent advances in the field of immunological bioinformatics have provided feasible tools which can be used to lessen the time and cost required for vaccine and antibody development. Immunoinformatics employs a computer-driven approach to identifying fragments of the target pathogen that would provide a suitable vaccine, avoiding potential safety concerns from the more traditional approach of using whole pathogens.
Technology: ![](data:image/png;base64,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WSU Researchers have developed a web-based tool “Disulfide by Design 2” a key step in a newer, streamlined method of potential vaccine development called immunoinformatics that identifies fragments of the target pathogen that would provide a suitable vaccine, avoiding potential safety concerns from the more traditional approach of using whole pathogens. Computational techniques can predict locations in a protein or peptide where disulfide bonds can be introduced. Several peptide fragments from different proteins of the virus can be linked together and simultaneously provide immunity for different strains of a virus or to ensure coverage of different stages of the viral life cycle, known as multi-epitope peptide vaccine, or MEPV, development.
Commercial Application:
Vaccine development using immunoinformatics
Benefits:
- The production of peptide-based vaccines is much simpler, faster and cost-effective compared to the classical whole pathogen approach.
- Shorter development cycle
- Fewer production challenges
- Mitigates the potential of incomplete inactivation and allergic responses
Publications
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24289175/DbD2/
Access
http://cptweb.cpt.wayne.edu